Photonic crystals, 야구 토토, and quantum 야구 토토

In an optical medium possessing a spatial distribution of refractive index with periodicity on the order of wavelength, there exists a photonic band gap similar to the band gap in semiconductors. We call these optical medium the photonic crystals. By varying the incident light intensity or by use of external electric field, the band gap of photonic crystal can be controlled, which enables a realization of various photonic switching. Artificial optical media possessing the spatial distribution of refractive index smaller than wavelength are called 야구 토토. When the spatial distribution is on the order of micrometer, THz 야구 토토 can be obtained, while the optical 야구 토토 can be realized in the nano-structured artificial optical medium. In these 야구 토토, the optical property not existing in nature can be observed and a variety of new symmetric structures can be designed. By manipulating the boundaries of graphenes, the propagation of De Broglies wave can be tailored, which is called quantum metamaterial. In quatum 야구 토토, phenomena can observed those appearing in optical 야구 토토 such as negative refraction and collimation.