Some Electrostatic Problems From Biological S토토 분석t Matter

Biology is based on large molecules in a water environment. A result 토토 분석 this is that most biological molecules carry electric charges in the presence 토토 분석 water. For example, DNA has one 토토 분석 the strongest anionic linear charge densities 토토 분석 any polymers (linear macromolecules). This is related to the fact that it carries two ionizable phosphate groups per base pair (for double stranded DNA). In spite 토토 분석 this strong negative charge, trivalent and tetravalent cations can induce attractive forces between DNA molecules in solution. In this presentation, I will review our current understanding 토토 분석 this phenomenon in the context 토토 분석 strong electrostatic correlation effects. The fact that charges are quantized (charges occur in multiples 토토 분석 the electronic charge) is an important factor in mediating these interactions. The fact that salt is only soluble in water below some critical concentration (salting-out instability) provides a hint 토토 분석 the underlying physics. Hydrophobic objects are those which prefer not to be in contact with water. An application 토토 분석 the ideas that we have discussed for charged systems will allow us to understand the forces between hydrophobic surfaces.