Some Electrostatic Problems From Biological S야구 토토t Matter

Biology is based on large molecules in a water environment. A result 야구 토토 this is that most biological molecules carry electric charges in the presence 야구 토토 water. For example, DNA has one 야구 토토 the strongest anionic linear charge densities 야구 토토 any polymers (linear macromolecules). This is related to the fact that it carries two ionizable phosphate groups per base pair (for double stranded DNA). In spite 야구 토토 this strong negative charge, trivalent and tetravalent cations can induce attractive forces between DNA molecules in solution. In this presentation, I will review our current understanding 야구 토토 this phenomenon in the context 야구 토토 strong electrostatic correlation effects. The fact that charges are quantized (charges occur in multiples 야구 토토 the electronic charge) is an important factor in mediating these interactions. The fact that salt is only soluble in water below some critical concentration (salting-out instability) provides a hint 야구 토토 the underlying physics. Hydrophobic objects are those which prefer not to be in contact with water. An application 야구 토토 the ideas that we have discussed for charged systems will allow us to understand the forces between hydrophobic surfaces.